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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also have comorbid disorders like major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients are not responsive to medication for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. Commonly prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate and similar medications. Medications Adults can take a variety of medications to treat ADHD in children. The dosages and the side effects are different. The doctor will look at the medical history, the family health history, and other conditions of an individual to determine which drug is best. The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine boost the supply of neurotransmitters that help improve focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. They come in various forms, including chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. These long-acting stimulants are favored as they lead to better patient compliance, and a smoother, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like depression and anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medications. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric problems be treated first before medication be used as a second measure. The medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Some patients may suffer from a “rebound effect” where their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medication. In these cases a short trial of a low dose of stimulant medication could be helpful. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medications or are in a position to not take them due to abuse of drugs or other health issues, like heart issues that are severe or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These drugs don't have the same negative side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be abused or diverted. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a great option for people with ADHD. It can help people with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, or deal with issues at work or in relationships. It can also aid in the treatment of people with mental disorders that coexist, like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy, as well as schema therapy. These therapies are based on the belief that one's beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps a person recognize negative behaviors and thinking patterns, then develops and implements strategies to change them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy utilizes meditation techniques to teach a person how to focus on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other forms of psychotherapy focusing on a person's family history could be beneficial for those who suffer from ADHD who suffer from significant secondary problems. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can help with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or getting along with other people. It can also help in forgetting important dates and obligations and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. add adult treatment can help people find healthy strategies for coping and decrease stress. For instance exercising, improving sleep, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to a partner or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can assist families and couples improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is focused on transforming the negative patterns of thinking that clients have. It utilizes skill-based dialogue with a skilled mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. The aim of this treatment is to overcome impairments and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the client's daily life. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize harmful thought patterns and help them learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can be lengthy. It's a possibility for those who are unable to receive enough relief from their medication. In the course of a recent RCT, it was found that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own when it comes to improving core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem, and social performance for adults with ADHD (Clarke and co. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those with more severe underlying problems. Therapists who provide this kind of treatment work with their clients to devise an action plan that addresses the specific issues they face. They usually teach clients a series of practical skills that are simple to implement and have a high likelihood of being successful. A chart system is often utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviors. This could include an everyday report for children that details the tasks they are required to finish at school or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and an organized system for tracking and rewarding rewards. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences may be inflicted upon a child who fails to complete their tasks. This can be done in a sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy A more recent form of therapy, metacognitive therapy, assists individuals in changing how they think. This type of treatment is effective for those with a variety of mental health problems, including depression. It's a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people to identify their negative thinking patterns and how they impact their emotions. This kind of therapy can help them develop mental tools that are versatile and useful. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this we compared self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management, and Evaluation). It was found that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that regulatory processes were not. The predictive ability of a model incorporating predictors of metacognition was moderate, suggesting that they can explain a significant amount of the variation in daily functioning for adults with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on transforming metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states like worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. This study was conceived for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat a variety of disorders and is more effective than other therapy. This is not an effective treatment, but it can be employed to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapy therapist works with the entire family. This helps all family members be aware of the issues facing the client and learn how to support their loved ones better. It also helps them cope with their frustrations and develop more effective communication skills. This kind of counseling can be used to tackle the underlying conditions, like depression and substance abuse that are commonly associated with ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to better understand the family's perception and determine if they are appropriate for family intervention. The session can be conducted in person or via the internet. The Therapist will explain to each person the purpose of therapy and the rules and regulations for family therapy. A therapist with had experience working with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to get a better understanding of their current symptoms as well as their past and the impact they've had on their work, family and personal relationships. They will also ask whether there are other mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method of counseling that is structured that helps you change your negative thinking patterns and manage your behavior. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to handle anger and stress. It is a short-term treatment option that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy helps people with ADHD to deal with the emotional baggage that results from failing and underachievement. It can also help them deal with relationship conflicts or job changes as well as academic difficulties. It can help you learn ways to reduce stress and cope, and how to manage your financial and time management. It can also be used to tackle other comorbid conditions like anxiety and mood disorders which are often associated with ADHD.